
@article{perezvincent2022, 
year = {2022}, 
title = {{Domestic violence reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Latin America}}, 
author = {Perez-Vincent, Santiago M. and Carreras, Enrique}, 
journal = {Review of Economics of the Household}, 
issn = {1569-5239}, 
doi = {10.1007/s11150-022-09607-9}, 
pmid = {35529311}, 
pmcid = {PMC9055220}, 
abstract = {{This article examines changes in the frequency and characteristics of domestic violence reports following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the imposition of mobility restrictions in six Latin American countries. We find significantly different patterns between reports of psychological and physical violence, non-cohabitant and cohabitant violence, and across alternative reporting channels (domestic violence hotlines, emergency lines, and police reports). Calls to domestic violence hotlines soared, suggesting that this channel was best suited to respond to victims’ needs during the pandemic. In turn, calls to emergency lines and police complaints declined (especially in the first weeks of the pandemic), consistent with an increase in the perceived (relative) cost of using these channels. The results reveal how the pandemic altered domestic violence victims’ demand for institutional help and highlight the relevance of domestic violence hotlines as an accessible and valuable service.}}, 
pages = {799--830}, 
number = {3}, 
volume = {20}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/s11150-022-09607-9.pdf}
}

@article{miller2022, 
year = {2022}, 
title = {{Effects of COVID‐19 shutdowns on domestic violence in US cities}}, 
author = {Miller, Amalia R. and Segal, Carmit and Spencer, Melissa K.}, 
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics}, 
issn = {0094-1190}, 
doi = {10.1016/j.jue.2022.103476}, 
pmid = {35936356}, 
pmcid = {PMC9343070}, 
abstract = {{We empirically investigate the impact of COVID-19 shutdowns on domestic violence using incident-level data on both domestic-related calls for service and crime reports of domestic violence assaults from the 18 major US police departments for which both types of records are available. Although we confirm prior reports of an increase in domestic calls for service at the start of the pandemic, we find that the increase preceded mandatory shutdowns, and there was an incremental decline following the government imposition of restrictions. We also find no evidence that domestic violence crimes increased. Rather, police reports of domestic violence assaults declined significantly during the initial shutdown period. There was no significant change in intimate partner homicides during shutdown months and victimization survey reports of intimate partner violence were lower. Our results fail to support claims that shutdowns increased domestic violence and suggest caution before drawing inference or basing policy solely on data from calls to police.}}, 
pages = {103476}, 
volume = {131}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/1-s2.0-S0094119022000535-main.pdf}
}

@article{Delaporte2022, 
year = {2022}, 
rating = {0}, 
title = {{Female Political Representation and Violence against Women: Evidence from Brazil}}, 
author = {Magdalena Delaporte and Francisco Pino}, 
journal = {IZA Discussion Paper}
}


@article{Perova2017, 
year = {2017}, 
rating = {0}, 
title = {{Women's police stations and intimate partner violence: Evidence from Brazil}}, 
author = {Perova, Elizaveta and Reynolds, Sarah Anne}, 
journal = {Social Science \& Medicine}, 
doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.008}, 
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953616306773}, 
abstract = {{Although women's police stations have gained popularity as a measure to address intimate partner violence (IPV), there is little quantitative evaluati…}}, 
pages = {188 -- 196}, 
volume = {174}, 
language = {English}, 
month = {02}
}

@article{Kavanaugh2019, 
year = {2019}, 
rating = {0}, 
title = {{Gender Violence, Enforcement, and Human Capital: Evidence from All-Women’s Justice Centers in Peru}}, 
author = {Kavanaugh, Guadalupe E and Sviatschi, María Micaela and Trako, Iva}, 
journal = {Unpublished Manuscript}, 
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3022670}, 
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\_id=3022670}, 
language = {English}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Documents/Papers%20Library/Kavanaugh-Gender%20Violence,%20Enforcement,%20and%20Human%20Capital-%20Evidence%20from%20All-Women’s%20Justice%20Centers%20in%20Peru-2019-Unpublished%20Manuscript.pdf}
}
}

@article{Jassal2020, 
year = {2020}, 
rating = {0}, 
title = {{Gender, Law Enforcement, and Access to Justice: Evidence from All-Women Police Stations in India}}, 
author = {Jassal, Nirvikar}, 
journal = {The American Political Science Review}, 
doi = {10.1017/s0003055420000684}, 
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/gender-law-enforcement-and-access-to-justice-evidence-from-allwomen-police-stations-in-india/A93960403DE5B1AF497740888BE2B1B2}, 
abstract = {{Can gender-based “enclaves” facilitate women’s access to justice? I examine all-female police stations in India and test whether group-specific institutions assist victims of gender-based violence and female officers in law enforcement. I create an original dataset based on Indian police reports and leverage the manner in which all-women police stations were opened in Haryana state to estimate their causal effect. The creation of enclaves in law enforcement does not increase registered crime. In fact, the intervention lowers the caseload at standard stations by justifying the deflection of gendered crimes, reduces responsibilities for policewomen, and increases travel cost for victims seeking redress. The institutions formalize the “counseling” of victims by encouraging reconciliation with abusers at the expense of arrest of suspects, and survey evidence suggests that all-women stations might not be associated with positive perceptions of policewomen. Broadly, I argue that representation as separation may have unintended consequences.}}, 
pages = {1035 -- 1054}, 
number = {4}, 
volume = {114}, 
language = {English}, 
month = {11}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Documents/Papers%20Library/Jassal-Gender,%20Law%20Enforcement,%20and%20Access%20to%20Justice-%20Evidence%20from%20All-Women%20Police%20Stations%20in%20India-2020-The%20American%20Political%20Science%20Review.pdf}
}
}

@article{Amaral2021, 
year = {2021}, 
rating = {0}, 
title = {{Gender, Crime and Punishment: Evidence from Women Police Stations in India}}, 
author = {Amaral, Sofia and Bhalotra, Sonia R and Prakash, Nishith}, 
journal = {IZA Discussion Paper}, 
url = {http://ftp.iza.org/dp14250.pdf}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Documents/Papers%20Library/Amaral-Gender,%20Crime%20and%20Punishment-%20Evidence%20from%20Women%20Police%20Stations%20in%20India-2021-IZA%20Discussion%20Paper.pdf}
}
}

@article{Verbruggen2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{General Offending and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration in Young Adulthood: A Dutch Longitudinal Study}}, 
author = {Verbruggen, Janna and Blokland, Arjan A J and Robinson, Amanda L and Maxwell, Christopher D}, 
journal = {International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology}, 
issn = {0306-624X}, 
doi = {10.1177/0306624x211022657}, 
pmid = {34096354}, 
abstract = {{This study examines the relationship between general offending and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in young adulthood, using a Dutch longitudinal study. Young adults were followed over four waves, and self-reported data on general offending, IPV perpetration, and a number of individual characteristics were collected. Results of random effects models demonstrated that young adults involved in more diverse offending behavior reported higher levels of different types of IPV perpetration, even when individual factors were taken into account. Moreover, logistic regression analyses showed that general offending was also related to an increased likelihood of continuity in IPV perpetration. Taken together, the findings indicate that it is useful to view IPV perpetration as part of a broader criminal career.}}, 
pages = {0306624X2110226}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/0306624x211022657.pdf}
}
@article{Valdivia2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{¿Trayectorias Delictivas Versátiles o Especializadas? Agresores de Violencia Intrafamiliar}}, 
author = {Valdivia-Devia, Mauricio and Oyanedel, Juan C and Andrés-Pueyo, Antonio and Araya, Marta Fuentes and Valdivia-Monzón, Mauricio}, 
journal = {Anuario de Psicología Jurídica}, 
issn = {1133-0740}, 
doi = {10.5093/apj2021a3}, 
pages = {45--54}, 
number = {1}, 
volume = {31}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/315065973004.pdf}
}
@article{Verbruggen2022, 
year = {2022}, 
title = {{The Relationship Between the Development of General Offending and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration in Young Adulthood}}, 
author = {Verbruggen, Janna and Maxwell, Christopher D. and Robinson, Amanda L.}, 
journal = {Journal of Interpersonal Violence}, 
issn = {0886-2605}, 
doi = {10.1177/0886260520922340}, 
pmid = {32456523}, 
pmcid = {PMC8793293}, 
abstract = {{This study examined how patterns in general offending relate to the occurrence of and likelihood of persistence in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in young adulthood. The study used longitudinal data from the cohort of 18 year olds from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods study. Self-reported offending was measured in all three waves, and data on IPV were collected in Waves 1 and 3. Group-based trajectory modeling identified three distinct general offending trajectory groups: non-offenders, low-rate offenders, and high-rate offenders. The majority of respondents engaged in psychological IPV perpetration, and half of all young adults reported physical IPV, but prevalence rates decreased over the waves. Binary logistic regression analyses showed that those involved in offending, especially those who showed a diverse offending pattern, were at increased risk of perpetrating psychological and (severe) physical IPV, as well as to show persistence in the different forms of IPV perpetration. The findings highlight an important overlap between general crime and IPV perpetration. In recognition that IPV is often part of a broader pattern of antisocial behavior, interventions should focus on interrupting the criminal careers of all young offenders to reduce the prevalence and harms of IPV.}}, 
pages = {1179--1205}, 
number = {3-4}, 
volume = {37}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Documents/Papers%20Library/Verbruggen-The%20Relationship%20Between%20the%20Development%20of%20General%20Offending%20and%20Intimate%20Partner%20Violence%20Perpetration%20in%20Young%20Adulthood-2022-Journal%20of%20Interpersonal%20Violence.pdf}
}
}

@article{Bullinger2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{Pediatric emergency department visits due to child abuse and neglect following COVID-19 public health emergency declaration in the Southeastern United States}}, 
author = {Bullinger, Lindsey Rose and Boy, Angela and Messner, Stephen and Self-Brown, Shannon}, 
journal = {BMC Pediatrics}, 
doi = {10.1186/s12887-021-02870-2}, 
pmid = {34517864}, 
pmcid = {PMC8435405}, 
abstract = {{The ongoing worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has heightened several risk factors for child abuse and neglect (CAN). We study whether COVID-19 and the public health response to it affected CAN-related pediatric emergency department (ED) visits in the southeastern United States (US). We performed a retrospective chart review on medical records of ED visits from a level I pediatric hospital system serving one of the largest metropolitan areas in the southeastern US from January through June 2018–2020. We used multivariate Poisson regression and linear regression to compare professionally identified CAN-related ED visits before and after a COVID-19 public health emergency declaration in 2020, relative to trends over the same period in 2018 and 2019. Although the number of both overall pediatric ED visits and CAN-related ED visits declined, the number of CAN-related ED visits due to neglect from inadequate adult supervision increased by 62 \% (p < 0.01). The number of CAN visits per 1,000 pediatric ED visits also increased by 97 \% (p < 0.01). Finally, the proportion of CAN-related ED visits due to neglect from inadequate supervision increased by 100 \% (p < 0.01). Physicians should be aware that patients who present with injuries during a pandemic may be victims of neglect due to changes in social structures in their households. In particular, maltreatment presenting to the ED shifted toward treating injuries and abuse resulting from inadequate supervision. Policymakers should consider the impacts of stay-at-home orders on child well-being when determining appropriate public health responses in the midst of a pandemic. Not applicable.}}, 
pages = {401}, 
number = {1}, 
volume = {21}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/s12887-021-02870-2.pdf}
}

@article{Musser2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{Child maltreatment in the time of COVID-19: Changes in the Florida foster care system surrounding the COVID-19 safer-at-home order}}, 
author = {Musser, Erica D. and Riopelle, Cameron and Latham, Robert}, 
journal = {Child Abuse \& Neglect}, 
issn = {0145-2134}, 
doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104945}, 
pmid = {33546917}, 
pmcid = {PMC7837623}, 
abstract = {{Background Media outlets have suggested that rates of child maltreatment may increase during the global COVID-19 pandemic. The few empirical studies that have examined pandemic related changes in rates of child maltreatment have relied predominantly on reports of suspected maltreatment. Objective This study examines rates of documented, substantiated child maltreatment resulting in foster care placement, as well as demographic correlates of child maltreatment within the foster care system, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants and setting Data were available for all youth in the FL foster care system from January 1, 2001 through June 30, 2020 (i.e., > 304,000 youth; > 1.1 million total placements). Methods This study utilizes data from the Florida State Automated Child Welfare Information System (SACWIS). Results Results revealed a decrease in the number of youths placed in the FL foster care system during the COVID-19 pandemic with the greatest reduction in April, 2020 during the Safer-at-Home Order (24 \% fewer youth in 2020 than 2019). In contrast, the percentage of placements into foster care due to maltreatment increased by 3.34 \%. Demographic-linked differences were observed in placement rates and exposure to maltreatment. Conclusions While prior work suggests that reports of child maltreatment have decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study demonstrates that overall rates of substantiated maltreatment resulting in foster care placement have increased for White youth, while rates of placement of due to inadequate supervision, emotional neglect, and/or parental substance use have decreased for Black youth. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.}}, 
pages = {104945}, 
number = {Pt 2}, 
volume = {116}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/1-s2.0-S0145213421000181-main.pdf}
}

@article{Vermeulen2022, 
year = {2022}, 
title = {{Child Maltreatment During School and Childcare Closure Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic}}, 
author = {Vermeulen, Samantha and Alink, Lenneke R. A. and Berkel, Sheila R. van}, 
journal = {Child Maltreatment}, 
issn = {1077-5595}, 
doi = {10.1177/10775595211064885}, 
pmid = {35105228}, 
pmcid = {PMC8814610}, 
abstract = {{The aim of the present study was to examine child maltreatment prevalence rates during the first COVID-19 related national closure of schools and childcare settings (the lockdown) in the Netherlands. Based on reports of childcare professionals and primary and secondary school teachers (N = 444) the prevalence of child maltreatment during the 3 months of this first lockdown was estimated at almost 40,000 children, or 14 per 1,000 children. The prevalence of emotional neglect was found to be three times higher during the lockdown compared to a period without lockdown. This significant difference was reflected in overall emotional neglect as well as for two main subtypes of emotional neglect: educational neglect and witnessing domestic violence. No significant differences were found for other types of child maltreatment. Most of the reported cases of maltreatment were already problematic before the lockdown and became worse during the lockdown. The results of this study indicate that the closure of schools and childcare settings may have enormous negative consequences for vulnerable children.}}, 
pages = {10775595211064885}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/10775595211064885.pdf}
}

@article{Augusti2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{Violence and abuse experiences and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in a population-based sample of Norwegian adolescents}}, 
author = {Augusti, Else-Marie and Sætren, Sjur Skjørshammer and Hafstad, Gertrud S.}, 
journal = {Child Abuse \& Neglect}, 
issn = {0145-2134}, 
doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105156}, 
pmid = {34139385}, 
abstract = {{Background The lockdowns occurring across society because of the COVID-19 pandemic have had far-reaching consequences for children and adolescents. One immediate concern was what the impact of the comprehensive disease control measures on rates of violence and abuse against children and adolescents would be. Objective We aimed to establish rates of child abuse and degree of family conflict during the first COVID-19 lockdown spring 2020. Additionally, we aimed to investigate associations between preexisting and concurrent risk factors and abuse during these unique times. Participants and setting A total of 3545 Norwegian 13- to 16-year-olds participated in this study. A total of 1944 of these had provided data 1 year before the lockdown. Methods We used a web survey format to assess abuse exposure and associated risk factors. The survey was administered in schools during school hours in June 2020, shortly after the reopening of schools after the first lockdown. Results In this sample 8.2\% reported psychological abuse during lockdown, 2.4\% had experienced physical abuse and 1.4\% sexual abuse. For online sexual abuse, the rate was 5.6\% during this time period. Adolescents did not report an increase in family conflict. Concurrently perceived family affluence and family risk factors were most strongly associated with physical abuse during lockdown (OR = 11.01(95\% CI 5.32–22.84); OR = 5.36 (95\% CI 2.69–10.67)), but also other types of child maltreatment. Analyses across assessment points suggested that prior victimization was the most accurate predictor of abuse experiences during lockdown (OR = 3.84 (95\% CI 2.85–5.20)). Conclusions The negative consequences of the COVID-19 preventative measures struck the adolescent population unevenly. The findings underscore the need for targeted measures to mitigate the negative outcomes of health-related crises for adolescents in risk groups such as those with low family affluence and prior abuse experiences.}}, 
pages = {105156}, 
volume = {118}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/1-s2.0-S0145213421002295-main.pdf}
}

@article{Brown2022, 
year = {2022}, 
title = {{The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Protection System Referrals and Responses in Colorado, USA}}, 
author = {Brown, Samantha M. and Orsi, Rebecca and Chen, Pang Ching Bobby and Everson, Courtney L. and Fluke, John}, 
journal = {Child Maltreatment}, 
issn = {1077-5595}, 
doi = {10.1177/10775595211012476}, 
pmid = {33896229}, 
pmcid = {PMC9011917}, 
abstract = {{Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has amplified risk factors known to increase children’s vulnerability to abuse and neglect, emerging evidence suggests declines in maltreatment reporting and responding following COVID-19 social distancing protocols in the United States. Using statewide administrative data, this study builds on the current state of knowledge to better understand the volume of child protection system (CPS) referrals and responses in Colorado, USA before and during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine whether there were differences in referral and response rates by case characteristics. Results indicated an overall decline in referrals and responses during COVID-19 when compared to the previous year. Declines were specific to case characteristics, such as reporter and maltreatment type. Implications regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child maltreatment reporting and CPS response are discussed.}}, 
pages = {3--11}, 
number = {1}, 
volume = {27}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/10775595211012476.pdf}
}

@article{Hartwell2022, 
year = {2022}, 
title = {{Child maltreatment during COVID‐19: Deviations from forecasted projections of criminal filings in Oklahoma in 2020}}, 
author = {Hartwell, Micah and Hendrix, Amy D. and Sajjadi, Nicholas B. and Baxter, Michael A. and Chesher, Tessa and Coffey, Sara and Passmore, Sarah J.}, 
journal = {Child Abuse Review}, 
issn = {0952-9136}, 
doi = {10.1002/car.2754}, 
pmid = {35573648}, 
pmcid = {PMC9083244}, 
pages = {e2754}, 
number = {4}, 
volume = {31}
}

@article{Scott2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{COVID-19 and crime: Analysis of crime dynamics amidst social distancing protocols}}, 
author = {Scott, Shelby M. and Gross, Louis J.}, 
journal = {PLoS ONE}, 
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0249414}, 
pmid = {33793642}, 
pmcid = {PMC8016314}, 
abstract = {{In response to the pandemic in early 2020, cities implemented states of emergency and stay at home orders to reduce virus spread. Changes in social dynamics due to local restrictions impacted human behavior and led to a shift in crime dynamics. We analyze shifts in crime types by comparing crimes before the implementation of stay at home orders and the time period shortly after these orders were put in place across three cities. We find consistent changes across Chicago, Baltimore, and Baton Rouge with significant declines in total crimes during the time period immediately following stay at home orders. The starkest differences occurred in Chicago, but in all three cities the crime types contributing to these declines were related to property crime and statutory crime rather than interpersonal crimes.}}, 
pages = {e0249414}, 
number = {4}, 
volume = {16}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/journal.pone.0249414.pdf}
}

@article{Nivette2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{A global analysis of the impact of COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions on crime}}, 
author = {Nivette, Amy E. and Zahnow, Renee and Aguilar, Raul and Ahven, Andri and Amram, Shai and Ariel, Barak and Burbano, María José Arosemena and Astolfi, Roberta and Baier, Dirk and Bark, Hyung-Min and Beijers, Joris E. H. and Bergman, Marcelo and Breetzke, Gregory and Concha-Eastman, I. Alberto and Curtis-Ham, Sophie and Davenport, Ryan and Díaz, Carlos and Fleitas, Diego and Gerell, Manne and Jang, Kwang-Ho and Kääriäinen, Juha and Lappi-Seppälä, Tapio and Lim, Woon-Sik and Revilla, Rosa Loureiro and Mazerolle, Lorraine and Meško, Gorazd and Pereda, Noemí and Peres, Maria F. T. and Poblete-Cazenave, Rubén and Rose, Simon and Svensson, Robert and Trajtenberg, Nico and Lippe, Tanja van der and Veldkamp, Joran and Perdomo, Carlos J. Vilalta and Eisner, Manuel P.}, 
journal = {Nature Human Behaviour}, 
doi = {10.1038/s41562-021-01139-z}, 
pmid = {34079096}, 
pmcid = {PMC8298205}, 
abstract = {{The stay-at-home restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19 led to unparalleled sudden change in daily life, but it is unclear how they affected urban crime globally. We collected data on daily counts of crime in 27 cities across 23 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. We conducted interrupted time series analyses to assess the impact of stay-at-home restrictions on different types of crime in each city. Our findings show that the stay-at-home policies were associated with a considerable drop in urban crime, but with substantial variation across cities and types of crime. Meta-regression results showed that more stringent restrictions over movement in public space were predictive of larger declines in crime. The implementation of COVID-19 stay-at-home policies was associated with a considerable drop in urban crime in 27 cities across 23 countries. More stringent restrictions over movement in public space were predictive of larger declines in crime.}}, 
pages = {868--877}, 
number = {7}, 
volume = {5}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/s41562-021-01139-z.pdf}
}

@article{Ashby2020, 
year = {2020}, 
title = {{Initial evidence on the relationship between the coronavirus pandemic and crime in the United States}}, 
author = {Ashby, Matthew P. J.}, 
journal = {Crime Science}, 
issn = {2193-7680}, 
doi = {10.1186/s40163-020-00117-6}, 
pmid = {32455094}, 
pmcid = {PMC7233195}, 
abstract = {{The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial changes in the daily activities of millions of Americans, with many businesses and schools closed, public events cancelled and states introducing stay-at-home orders. This article used police-recorded open crime data to understand how the frequency of common types of crime changed in 16 large cities across the United States in the early months of 2020. Seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models of crime in previous years were used to forecast the expected frequency of crime in 2020 in the absence of the pandemic. The forecasts from these models were then compared to the actual frequency of crime during the early months of the pandemic. There were no significant changes in the frequency of serious assaults in public or (contrary to the concerns of policy makers) any change to the frequency of serious assaults in residences. In some cities, there were reductions in residential burglary but little change in non-residential burglary. Thefts of motor vehicles decreased in some cities while there were diverging patterns of thefts from motor vehicles. These results are used to make suggestions for future research into the relationships between the coronavirus pandemic and different crimes.}}, 
pages = {6}, 
number = {1}, 
volume = {9}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/40163_2020_Article_117.pdf}
}

@techreport{PetermanODonnell2022, 
year = {2022}, 
title = {{Studies of COVID-19 \& Violence Against Women \& Children: A Global Tracker}}, 
author = {Peterman, Amber and O'Donnell, Megan}, 
institution={https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1w28pmDt-lOIcI9cvaUdAMVVDzftOiI1-/},
}

@article{Abrams2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{COVID and crime: An early empirical look}}, 
author = {Abrams, David S.}, 
journal = {Journal of Public Economics}, 
issn = {0047-2727}, 
doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104344}, 
pmid = {33518828}, 
pmcid = {PMC7826063}, 
abstract = {{Data from 25 large U.S. cities is assembled to estimate the impact of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime. There is a widespread immediate drop in both criminal incidents and arrests most heavily pronounced among drug crimes, theft, residential burglaries, and most violent crimes. The decline appears to precede stay-at-home orders, and arrests follow a similar pattern as reports. There is no decline in homicides and shootings, and an increase in non-residential burglary and car theft in most cities, suggesting that criminal activity was displaced to locations with fewer people. Pittsburgh, New York City, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Washington DC and Chicago each saw overall crime drops of at least 35\%. Evidence from police-initiated reports and geographic variation in crime change suggests that most of the observed changes are not due to changes in crime reporting.}}, 
pages = {104344}, 
volume = {194}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/1-s2.0-S0047272720302085-main.pdf}
}

@article{adda2016, 
year = {2016}, 
title = {{Economic Activity and the Spread of Viral Diseases: Evidence from High Frequency Data}}, 
author = {Adda, Jérôme}, 
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, 
issn = {0033-5533}, 
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw005}, 
abstract = {{Abstract Viruses are a major threat to human health, and—given that they spread through social interactions—represent a costly externality. This article addresses three main questions: (i) what are the unintended consequences of economic activity on the spread of infections; (ii) how efficient are measures that limit interpersonal contacts; (iii) how do we allocate our scarce resources to limit the spread of infections? To answer these questions, we use novel high frequency data from France on the incidence of a number of viral diseases across space, for different age groups, over a quarter of a century. We use quasi-experimental variation to evaluate the importance of policies reducing interpersonal contacts such as school closures or the closure of public transportation networks. While these policies significantly reduce disease prevalence, we find that they are not cost-effective. We find that expansions of transportation networks have significant health costs in increasing the spread of viruses, and that propagation rates are pro-cyclically sensitive to economic conditions and increase with inter-regional trade.}}, 
pages = {891--941}, 
number = {2}, 
volume = {131}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/qjw005.pdf}
}

@article{Adams-Prassletal2021, 
year = {forthcoming}, 
title = {{The Impact of the Coronavirus Lockdown on Mental Health: Evidence from the US}}, 
author = {Abi Adams-Prassl and Teodora Boneva and Marta Golin and Christopher Rauh}, 
journal = {Economic Policy},
}

@article{Eichenbaumetal2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{The Macroeconomics of Epidemics}}, 
author = {Eichenbaum, Martin S and Rebelo, Sergio and Trabandt, Mathias}, 
journal = {The Review of Financial Studies}, 
issn = {0893-9454}, 
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhab040}, 
abstract = {{We extend the canonical epidemiology model to study the interaction between economic decisions and epidemics. Our model implies that people cut back on consumption and work to reduce the chances of being infected. These decisions reduce the severity of the epidemic but exacerbate the size of the associated recession. The competitive equilibrium is not socially optimal because infected people do not fully internalize the effect of their economic decisions on the spread of the virus. In our benchmark model, the best simple containment policy increases the severity of the recession but saves roughly half a million lives in the United States.}}, 
pages = {5149--87}, 
number = {11}, 
volume = {34}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/hhab040.pdf}
}

@article{Farboodietal2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic}}, 
author = {Farboodi, Maryam and Jarosch, Gregor and Shimer, Robert}, 
journal = {Journal of Economic Theory}, 
issn = {0022-0531}, 
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2021.105293}, 
abstract = {{We develop a quantitative framework for exploring how individuals trade off the utility benefit of social activity against the internal and external health risks that come with social interactions during a pandemic. We calibrate the model to external targets and then compare its predictions with daily data on social activity, fatalities, and the estimated effective reproduction number R ( t ) from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. While the laissez-faire equilibrium is consistent with much of the decline in social activity in March in the US before any formal stay-at-home orders, optimal policy further imposes immediate and highly persistent social distancing. The expected cost of COVID-19 in the US is substantial, \$12,700 in the laissez-faire equilibrium and \$8,100 per person under an optimal policy. Optimal policy generates this large welfare gain by shifting the composition of costs from fatalities to persistent social distancing that largely suppresses the outbreak.}}, 
pages = {105293}, 
volume = {196}, 
number={-},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/1-s2.0-S0022053121001101-main.pdf}
}

@techreport{Toxvaerd2020, 
year = {2020}, 
title = {{Equilibrium Social Distancing}}, 
author = {Toxvaerd, Flavio}, 
type = {Cambridge-INET Working Paper 2020/08}, 
address={Cambridge},
institution={University of Cambridge},
doi={https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.52489},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/EquilibriumSocialDistancing.pdf}
}

@techreport{Ivandicetal2021, 
year = {2020}, 
title = {{Changing Patterns of Domestic Abuse during Covid-19 Lockdown}}, 
author = {Ivandić, Ria and Kirchmaier, Tom and Linton, Ben},
type = {CEP Discussion Paper 1729}, 
institution={Centre for Economic Performance},
address={London},
}

@article{Alvarezetal2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{A Simple Planning Problem for COVID-19 Lock-down, Testing, and Tracing}}, 
author = {Alvarez, Fernando and Argente, David and Lippi, Francesco},
journal = {American Economic Review: Insights}, 
issn = {2640-205X}, 
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20200201}, 
pages = {367--82}, 
number = {3}, 
volume = {3}
}

@techreport{EtheridgeSpantig2020, 
year = {2020}, 
title = {{The Gender Gap in Mental Well-Being During the Covid-19Outbreak: Evidence from the UK}}, 
author = {Etheridge, Ben and Spantig, Lisa}, 
type = {ISER Working Paper 2020-08}, 
institution = {Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), University of Essex}, 
address={Colchester},
url={http://hdl.handle.net/10419/227789},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/2020-08.pdf}
}

@article{Giuntellaetal2021, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{Lifestyle and Mental Health Disruptions during COVID-19}}, 
author = {Giuntella, Osea and Hyde, Kelly and Saccardo, Silvia and Sadoff, Sally}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
issn = {0027-8424}, 
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016632118}, 
pmid = {33571107}, 
abstract = {{Using a longitudinal dataset linking biometric and survey data from several cohorts of young adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (N=682), we document large disruptions to physical activity, sleep, time use, and mental health. At the onset of the pandemic, average steps decline from 10,000 to 4,600 steps per day, sleep increases by 25 to 30 min per night, time spent socializing declines by over half to less than 30 min, and screen time more than doubles to over 5 h per day. Over the course of the pandemic from March to July 2020 the proportion of participants at risk for clinical depression ranges from 46\% to 61\%, up to a 90\% increase in depression rates compared to the same population just prior to the pandemic. Our analyses suggest that disruption to physical activity is a leading risk factor for depression during the pandemic. However, restoration of those habits through a short-term intervention does not meaningfully improve mental well-being.}}, 
pages = {e2016632118}, 
number = {9}, 
volume = {118}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/e2016632118.full.pdf}
}

@book{Johnson2007,
author={Johnson, M. P.},
year = {2007},
title = {Domestic violence: The intersection of gender and control},
publisher={New York University Press}
}


@article{Vazquezetal2005,
author = {Salvador P. Vazquez and Mary K. Stohr and Marcus Purkiss},
title ={Intimate Partner Violence Incidence and Characteristics: Idaho NIBRS 1995 to 2001 Data},
journal = {Criminal Justice Policy Review},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {99-114},
year = {2005},
doi = {10.1177/0887403404267771},
}

@article{ErtenKeskin2021,
title = {Female employment and intimate partner violence: Evidence from Syrian Refugee inflows to Turkey},
journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
volume = {150},
pages = {102607},
year = {2021},
issn = {0304-3878},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102607},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387820301826},
author = {Bilge Erten and Pinar Keskin},
}

@TechReport{Bhalotraetal2021b,
  author={Sonia Bhalotra and Emilia Brito and Damian Clarke and Pilar Larroulet and Francisco J. Pino},
  title={{Dynamic impacts of lockdown on domestic violence: Evidence from multiple policy shifts in Chile}},
  year=2021,
  institution={World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER)},
  type={WIDER Working Paper Series},
  url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/wp-2021-189.html},
  number={wp-2021-189},
  abstract={We leverage staggered implementation of lockdown across Chile's 346 municipalities, identifying dynamic impacts on domestic violence. Using administrative data, we find lockdown imposition increases indicators of distress related to domestic violence, while decreasing domestic violence reports to the police. We identify male job loss as a mechanism driving distress, and female job loss as driving decreased reporting. Stimulus payments to poor households act on both margins, their impacts partially differentiated by lockdown status.},
  keywords={Domestic violence; Social protection; COVID-19; Lockdown; Public health; Welfare impact},
  doi={},
}

@TechReport{Bhalotraetal2021,
  author={Sonia Bhalotra and Diogo G. C. Britto and Paolo Pinotti and Breno Sampaio},
  title={{Job Displacement, Unemployment Benefits and Domestic Violence}},
  year={2021},
  institution={CESifo},
  address={Munich},
  type={CESifo Working Paper 9186},
  url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_9186.html},
  abstract={We estimate impacts of male job loss, female job loss, and male unemployment beneﬁts on domestic violence in Brazil. We merge employer-employee and social welfare registers with administrative data on domestic violence cases brought to criminal courts, use of public shelters by victims and mandatory notiﬁcations of domestic violence by health providers. Leveraging mass layoﬀs for identiﬁcation, we ﬁnd that both male and female job loss, independently, lead to large and pervasive increases in domestic violence. Exploiting a discontinuity in unemployment insurance eligibility, we ﬁnd that eligible men are not less likely to commit domestic violence while beneﬁts are being paid, and more likely to commit it once beneﬁts expire. Our ﬁndings are consistent with job loss increasing domestic violence on account of a negative income shock and an increase in exposure of victims to perpetrators, with unemployment beneﬁts partially oﬀsetting the income shock while reinforcing the exposure shock.},
  keywords={domestic violence; unemployment; mass layoffs; unemployment insurance; income shock; exposure; Brazi},
  doi={},
}

@article{SunAbraham2021,
title = {{Estimating Dynamic Treatment Effects in Event Studies with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects}},
journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
volume = {225},
number = {2},
pages = {175--99},
year = {2021},
note = {Themed Issue: Treatment Effect 1},
issn = {0304-4076},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.006},
author = {Liyang Sun and Sarah Abraham},
keywords = {Difference-in-differences, Two-way fixed effects, Pretrend test},
abstract = {To estimate the dynamic effects of an absorbing treatment, researchers often use two-way fixed effects regressions that include leads and lags of the treatment. We show that in settings with variation in treatment timing across units, the coefficient on a given lead or lag can be contaminated by effects from other periods, and apparent pretrends can arise solely from treatment effects heterogeneity. We propose an alternative estimator that is free of contamination, and illustrate the relative shortcomings of two-way fixed effects regressions with leads and lags through an empirical application.}
}

@TechReport{LoretoFerres2020,
  author={Bravo, Loreto and Ferres, Leo},
  title={{The IM (Mobility Index) Dataset}},
  year=2020,
  institution={UDD and Ministry of Science, Chile},
  type={Electronic Dataset}
}

@article{Card2009,
Author = {Card, David},
Title = {{Immigration and Inequality}},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Volume = {99},
Number = {2},
Year = {2009},
Month = {May},
Pages = {1--21},
DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.2.1},
}

@TechReport{Bhalotraetal2016,
  author={Bhalotra, Sonia R. and Karlsson, Martin and Nilsson, Therese and Schwarz, Nina},
  title={{Infant Health, Cognitive Performance and Earnings: Evidence from Inception of the Welfare State in Sweden}},
  year=2016,
  month=Nov,
  institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
  type={IZA Discussion Papers},
  url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp10339.html},
  number={10339},
}

@article{GPetal2020,
Author = {Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul and Sorkin, Isaac and Swift, Henry},
Title = {{Bartik Instruments: What, When, Why, and How}},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Volume = {110},
Number = {8},
Year = {2020},
Month = {August},
Pages = {2586--624},
DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181047},
}

@article{Borusyaketal2018, 
	year = {2022}, 
	title = {{Quasi-Experimental Shift-Share Research Designs}}, 
	author = {Borusyak, Kirill and Hull, Peter and Jaravel, Xavier}, 
	journal = {The Review of Economic Studies}, 
	issn = {0034-6527}, 
	doi = {10.1093/restud/rdab030}, 
	abstract = {{Abstract Many studies use shift-share (or “Bartik”) instruments, which average a set of shocks with exposure share weights. We provide a new econometric framework for shift-share instrumental variable (SSIV) regressions in which identification follows from the quasi-random assignment of shocks, while exposure shares are allowed to be endogenous. The framework is motivated by an equivalence result: the orthogonality between a shift-share instrument and an unobserved residual can be represented as the orthogonality between the underlying shocks and a shock-level unobservable. SSIV regression coefficients can similarly be obtained from an equivalent shock-level regression, motivating shock-level conditions for their consistency. We discuss and illustrate several practical insights of this framework in the setting of Autor et al. (2013), estimating the effect of Chinese import competition on manufacturing employment across U.S. commuting zones.}}, 
	pages = {181--213}, 
	number = {1}, 
	volume = {89}, 
	month = {1}, 
	local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/rdab030.pdf}
}

@article{ARENASARROYO,
title = "{Intimate Partner Violence under Forced Cohabitation and Economic Stress: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic}",
journal = "Journal of Public Economics",
volume = "194",
number={-},
pages = "104350",
year = "2021",
issn = "0047-2727",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104350",
author = "Esther Arenas-Arroyo and Daniel Fernandez-Kranz and Natalia Nollenberger",
keywords = "Intimate partner violence, Lockdown, Economic stress, Covid-19, Coronavirus",
}

@article{rose2020,
title = "{COVID-19 and Crime: Effects of Stay-at-Home Orders on Domestic Violence}",
journal = "American Journal of Health Economics",
volume = "7",
number={3},
pages = "249-280",
year = "2021",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1086/713787",
author = "Bullinger, Lindsey Rose and Carr, Jillian B and Packham, Analisa",
}


@article{COHN199371,
title = "The prediction of police calls for service: The influence of weather and temporal variables on rape and domestic violence",
journal = "Journal of Environmental Psychology",
volume = "13",
number = "1",
pages = "71 - 83",
year = "1993",
issn = "0272-4944",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80216-6",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494405802166",
author = "Ellen G. Cohn",
abstract = "Rape and domestic violence are two of the most controversial types of criminal behavior. Both are violent crimes and both are usually directed towards women. This research examines the short-term effect of weather and temporal variations (time of day, day of week, holidays, etc.) on calls for police service in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The influence of these variables on domestic violence and rape is compared and it is found that the two types of crimes are affected in very different ways by the independent variables used. The results suggest that the occurrence of domestic violence is much more highly influenced by immediate temporal and weather variables such as time of day, day of week and ambient temperature. However, rape appears not to be as greatly affected by immediate situational conditions and contexts. Possible explanations for the findings and implications of the research are discussed."
}

@article{Schneideretal2016,
title = "Intimate Partner Violence in the Great Recession",
journal = "Demography",
volume = "53",
number = "2",
pages = {471 - 505},
year = "2016",
author = "Daniel Schneider and Kristen Harknett and Sara McLanahan",
}


@article{RavindranShah2020, 
	year = {2023}, 
	title = {{Unintended consequences of lockdowns, COVID-19 and the Shadow Pandemic in India}}, 
	author = {Ravindran, Saravana and Shah, Manisha}, 
	journal = {Nature Human Behaviour}, 
	doi = {10.1038/s41562-022-01513-5}, 
	pmid = {36658214}, 
	abstract = {{Violence against women is a problem worldwide, with economic costs ranging from 1\% to 4\% of global gross domestic product. During the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdowns, the United Nations coined the term the Shadow Pandemic to describe the increase in global violence against women. Here, using variation in the intensity of government-mandated lockdowns in India, we show that domestic violence complaints increase significantly in districts with the strictest lockdown rules. We find similarly large increases in cybercrime complaints. However, rape and sexual assault complaints decrease in districts with the strictest lockdowns, consistent with decreased female mobility in public spaces, public transport and workplaces where they might be at greater risk for rape and sexual assault. Medium-term analysis shows that increases in domestic violence complaints persist 1 year later, while other complaints related to rape, sexual assault and cybercrimes return to pre-lockdown levels. Lockdowns may help control disease, but also come with potential costs. Domestic violence complaints in India increased in districts with the strictest lockdown rules, and remained higher 1 year later, even after restrictions were loosened.}}, 
	pages = {323--331}, 
	number = {3}, 
	volume = {7}, 
	local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/s41562-022-01513-5.pdf}
}

@techreport{UNWomen2020,
  author ={{UN Women}},
  year   = 2020,
  title  = {{COVID-19 and Ending Violence Against Women and Girls}},
  type   = {Briefing},
  institution = {United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)},
  address={New York}
}

@article{Bobonisetal2013,
Author = {Bobonis, Gustavo J. and Gonz{\'a}lez-Brenes, Melissa and Castro, Roberto},
Title = {Public Transfers and Domestic Violence: The Roles of Private Information and Spousal Control},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
Volume = {5},
Number = {1},
Year = {2013},
Month = {February},
Pages = {179-205},
DOI = {10.1257/pol.5.1.179},
URL = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.5.1.179}}

@article{BERNIELL2021103775,
title = {{COVID-19 Lockdown and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Internet-Search Behavior in 11 Countries}},
author = {Inés Berniell and Gabriel Facchini},
journal = {European Economic Review},
volume = {136},
number={-},
pages = {103775},
year = {2021},
issn = {0014-2921},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103775},
keywords = {COVID-19, Lockdown, Domestic violence, Google search},
}


@article{Anderberg2020, 
year = {2022}, 
title = {{Quantifying domestic violence in times of crisis: An internet search activity‐based measure for the COVID‐19 pandemic}}, 
author = {Anderberg, Dan and Rainer, Helmut and Siuda, Fabian}, 
journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society)}, 
issn = {0964-1998}, 
doi = {10.1111/rssa.12780}, 
abstract = {{In contrast to widespread concerns that COVID‐19 lockdowns have substantially increased the incidence of domestic violence, research based on police‐recorded crimes or calls‐for‐service has typically found small and often even negligible effects. One explanation for this discrepancy is that lockdowns have left victims of domestic violence trapped in‐home with their perpetrators, limiting their ability to safely report incidents to the police. To overcome this measurement problem, we propose a model‐based algorithm for measuring temporal variation in domestic violence incidence using internet search activity and make precise the conditions under which this measure yields less biased estimates of domestic violence problem during periods of crisis than commonly used police‐recorded crime measures. Analysing the COVID‐19 lockdown in Greater London, we find a 40\% increase in our internet search‐based domestic violence index at the peak occurring 3–6 weeks into the lockdown, ‐seven to eight times larger than the increase in police‐recorded crimes and much closer to the increase in helpline calls reported by victim support charities. Applying the same methodology to Los Angeles, we find strikingly similar results. We conclude that evidence based solely on police‐recorded domestic violence incidents cannot reliably inform us about the scale of the domestic violence problem during crises like COVID‐19.}}, 
pages = {498--518}, 
number = {2}, 
volume = {185}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/Royal%20Stats%20Society%20Series%20A%20-%202021%20-%20Anderberg%20-%20Quantifying%20domestic%20violence%20in%20times%20of%20crisis%20%20An%20internet%20search.pdf}
}
}

@TechReport{AnderbergRainer2011,
  author={Dan Anderberg and Helmut Rainer},
  title={{Domestic Abuse: Instrumental Violence and Economics Incentives}},
  year=2011,
  institution={CESifo},
  type={CESifo Working Paper Series},
  url={https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_3673.html},
  number={3673},
  abstract={A large fraction of domestically abused women report that their partners interfere with their participation in education and employment. As of yet, mainstream economics has not dealt in any systematic way with this phenomenon and its implications for welfare policy. This paper puts forward a theoretical framework that rationalizes why men may use violence “instrumentally” to prevent their partners from entering employment or from increasing hours of work. The model predicts a non-monotonic relationship between the gender wage gap and domestic violence. We explore the implication of this result in the context of various welfare policies. There are unlikely to be any magic bullets or one-size-fit-all solutions when it comes to reducing the incidence of domestic violence. Instead, specific measures and incentives may have to be targeted at different types of households.},
  keywords={instrumental partner-violence; non-cooperative family decision-making; welfare policy},
  doi={},
}

@ARTICLE{SandersonWindmeijer2016,
title = {A weak instrument F-test in linear IV models with multiple endogenous variables},
author = {Sanderson, Eleanor and Windmeijer, Frank},
year = {2016},
journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
volume = {190},
number = {2},
pages = {212-221},
abstract = {We consider testing for weak instruments in a model with multiple endogenous variables. Unlike Stock and Yogo (2005), who considered a weak instruments problem where the rank of the matrix of reduced form parameters is near zero, here we consider a weak instruments problem of a near rank reduction of one in the matrix of reduced form parameters. For example, in a two-variable model, we consider weak instrument asymptotics of the form π1=δπ2+c/n where π1 and π2 are the parameters in the two reduced-form equations, c is a vector of constants and n is the sample size. We investigate the use of a conditional first-stage F-statistic along the lines of the proposal by Angrist and Pischke (2009) and show that, unless δ=0, the variance in the denominator of their F-statistic needs to be adjusted in order to get a correct asymptotic distribution when testing the hypothesis H0:π1=δπ2. We show that a corrected conditional F-statistic is equivalent to the Cragg and Donald (1993) minimum eigenvalue rank test statistic, and is informative about the maximum total relative bias of the 2SLS estimator and the Wald tests size distortions. When δ=0 in the two-variable model, or when there are more than two endogenous variables, further information over and above the Cragg–Donald statistic can be obtained about the nature of the weak instrument problem by computing the conditional first-stage F-statistics.},
keywords = {Weak instruments; Multiple endogenous variables; F-test;},
url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:econom:v:190:y:2016:i:2:p:212-221}
}

@article{AlonsoCarrasco2017,
author = {César Alonso-Borrego and Raquel Carrasco},
title = {Employment and the risk of domestic violence: does the breadwinner’s gender matter?},
journal = {Applied Economics},
volume = {49},
number = {50},
pages = {5074-5091},
year  = {2017},
publisher = {Routledge},
doi = {10.1080/00036846.2017.1299103},

URL = { 
        https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2017.1299103
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00036846.2017.1299103
    
}

}

@article{rotton1,
author = {James Rotton and Ellen G. Cohn},
title ={Outdoor Temperature, Climate Control, and Criminal Assault: The Spatial and Temporal Ecology of Violence},
journal = {Environment and Behavior},
volume = {36},
number = {2},
pages = {276-306},
year = {2004},
doi = {10.1177/0013916503259515},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503259515
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503259515
    
}
,
    abstract = { Based on the negative affect escape (NAE) model of heat and aggression, it was hypothesized that relationships between temperature and aggravated assaultswould be moderated by access to air conditioning. This hypothesis was tested by subjecting calls for service received by police in Dallas, Texas, to multivariate analyses of covariance that employed weather variables as predictors and controlled for the temporal variables of holidays, time of day, day of the week, and season of the year. As the NAE model predicts, assaults in probably climate-controlled settings were a linear function of temperature, whereas assaults in settings that probably lacked climate control declined after peaking at moderately high temperatures. The results are consistent with recent attempts to use the concept of social avoidance to integrate routine activity theory and psychological theories of aggression. }
}


@misc{boutilier,
  title = {The connection between professional sporting events, holidays and domestic violence in Calgary, Alberta},
  author = {Boutilier, Sophia and Jadidzadeh, Ali and Esina, Elena and Wells, Lana and Kneebone, Ron},
  year = {2017},
  URL = {https://prism.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/52200},
  doi = {10.11575/PRISM/10182},
  publisher = {PRISM}
}

@article {Roeschm1712,
	author = {Roesch, Elisabeth and Amin, Avni and Gupta, Jhumka and Garc{\'\i}a-Moreno, Claudia},
	title = {Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions},
	volume = {369},
	elocation-id = {m1712},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1136/bmj.m1712},
	publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd},
	URL = {https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1712},
	eprint = {https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1712.full.pdf},
	journal = {BMJ}
}

@Article{TurPrats2019,
  author={Ana Tur-Prats},
  title={{Family Types and Intimate Partner Violence: A Historical Perspective}},
  journal={The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  year=2019,
  volume={101},
  number={5},
  pages={878-891},
  month={December},
  keywords={},
  doi={},
  abstract={This paper examines the long-term determinants of intimate partner violence (IPV) by analyzing its relationship with traditional family structures: stem families in which one child stays in the parental household and nuclear families in which all children leave the household upon marriage. My hypothesis is that coresidence with a mother-in-law increases a wife's contribution to nondomestic work, which may decrease the level of violence. I find that areas where stem families were socially predominant in the past currently have a lower IPV rate, and use differences in inheritance laws in medieval times as an instrument for the different family types.},
  url={https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v101y2019i5p878-891.html}
}

@article{Anderbergetal2016,
author = {Anderberg, Dan and Rainer, Helmut and Wadsworth, Jonathan and Wilson, Tanya},
title = {Unemployment and Domestic Violence: Theory and Evidence},
journal = {The Economic Journal},
volume = {126},
number = {597},
pages = {1947-1979},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12246},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecoj.12246},
eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ecoj.12246},
abstract = {Does rising unemployment really increase domestic violence as many commentators expect? The contribution of this article is to examine how changes in unemployment affect the incidence of domestic abuse. Theory predicts that male and female unemployment have opposite-signed effects on domestic abuse: an increase in male unemployment decreases the incidence of intimate partner violence, while an increase in female unemployment increases domestic abuse. Combining data on intimate partner violence from the British Crime Survey with locally disaggregated labour market data from the UK's Annual Population Survey, we find strong evidence in support of the theoretical prediction.},
year = {2016}
}

@article{LeslieWilson2020,
title = "{Sheltering in Place and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Calls for Service during COVID-19}",
journal = "Journal of Public Economics",
volume = "189",
number={-},
pages = "104241",
year = "2020",
issn = "0047-2727",
author = "Leslie, Emily and Wilson, Riley",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104241",
keywords = "Coronavirus, COVID-19, Domestic violence, Calls for service",
}

@article{piquero2020,
title = "{Staying Home, Staying Safe? A Short-Term Analysis of COVID-19 on Dallas Domestic Violence}",
journal = "American Journal of Criminal Justice",
year = "2020",
volume={45},
number={4},
number={online ahead of print},
pages={601--35},
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09531-7",
author = "Piquero, Alex R. and Riddell, Jordan R. and Bishopp, Stephen A. and Narvey, Chelsey and Reid, Joan A. and Piquero, Nicole",
}

@article{Boserupetal2020,
  title={Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic},
  author={Boserup, B. and McKenney, M. and Elkbuli, A.},
  journal={Am J Emerg Med},
  volume={[published online ahead of print]},
  year={2020},
  doi={10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077},
}


@misc{Pappalardoetal2020,
      title={{A Dataset to Assess Mobility Changes in Chile Following Local Quarantines}}, 
      author={Luca Pappalardo and Giuliano Cornacchia and Victor Navarro and Loreto Bravo and Leo Ferres},
      year={2020},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.12162},
      eprint={2011.12162},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={physics.soc-ph}
}

@article{Adams2020,
author = {Adams-Prassl, Abi and Boneva, Teodora and Golin, Marta and Rauh, Christopher},
title = {Furloughing*},
journal = {Fiscal Studies},
volume = {41},
number = {3},
pages = {591-622},
keywords = {COVID-19, coronavirus, crisis, recession, short-time work, furlough, inequality},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12242},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-5890.12242},
eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12242},
abstract = {Abstract Over nine million jobs were furloughed in the United Kingdom during the coronavirus pandemic. Using real-time survey evidence from the UK in April and May 2020, we document which workers were most likely to be furloughed and we analyse variation in the terms on which they furloughed. We find that women were significantly more likely to be furloughed. Inequality in care responsibilities seems to have played a key role: mothers were 10 percentage points more likely than fathers to initiate the decision to be furloughed (as opposed to it being fully or mostly the employer's decision) but we find no such gender gap amongst childless workers. The prohibition of working whilst furloughed was routinely ignored, especially by men who can do a large percentage of their work tasks from home. Women were less likely to have their salary topped up beyond the 80 per cent subsidy paid for by the government. Considering the future, furloughed workers without employer-provided sick pay have a lower willingness to pay to return to work, as do those in sales and food preparation occupations. Compared with non-furloughed employees, furloughed workers are more pessimistic about keeping their job in the short to medium run and are more likely to be actively searching for a new job, even when controlling for detailed job characteristics. These results have important implications for the design of short-time work schemes and the strategy for effectively reopening the economy.},
year = {2020}
}



@article{dCdH2020,
Author = {de Chaisemartin, Clément and D'Haultf{\oe}uille, Xavier},
Title = {{Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects}},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Volume = {110},
Number = {9},
Year = {2020},
Pages = {2964--96},
DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181169},
}


@article{ASIK2021109761, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{It takes a curfew: The effect of Covid-19 on female homicides}}, 
author = {Asik, Gunes A. and Ozen, Efsan Nas}, 
journal = {Economics Letters}, 
issn = {0165-1765}, 
doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109761}, 
abstract = {{Gender-based violence is a global phenomenon threatening women irrespective of race, nationality, education or socio-economic status. Evidence shows that domestic violence help calls have been increasing in many countries during the Covid-19 pandemic, but the effect on female homicides, this extreme form of violence, is not clear. In this study, we analyze the effects of social distancing measures and in particular the impact of curfews on female homicides in Turkey where domestic violence and female homicides are on the rise, causing public uproar. We find that the probability that a woman is killed by an intimate partner declined by about 57 percent during the period of strict social distancing measures, and by 83.8 percent during curfews in comparison to the same period between 2014 and 2019. We do not find any impact on female homicides by other perpetrator types. We argue that the decline in female homicides is driven by physical difficulties faced by ex-partners to reach victims, especially during curfews and fewer women leaving current partners due to economic hardships and fear of infection. Increased probability of getting caught might have also played a role in deterring deadly crimes against women.}}, 
pages = {109761}, 
volume = {200}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/1-s2.0-S0165176521000380-main.pdf}
}

@techreport{silverio,
Author = {Silverio-Murillo, Adan and Balmori de la Miyar, Jose Roberto and Hoehn-Velasco, Lauren},
Title = {{Families under Confinement: COVID-19, Domestic Violence, and Alcohol Consumption}},
type={Available at SSRN},
Year = {2020},
DOI = {https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3688384},
}

@article{PINAR2021,
Author = {Erten, Bilge and Keskin, Pinar and Prina, Silvia},
Title = {Social Distancing, Stimulus Payments, and Domestic Violence: Evidence from the US during COVID-19},
Journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
Volume = {112},
Year = {2022},
Month = {May},
Pages = {262-66},
DOI = {10.1257/pandp.20221011},
URL = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20221011}
}


@techreport{Milleretal2020,
  title = "{Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Domestic Violence in Los Angeles}",
  author = "Miller, Amalia R and Segal, Carmit and Spencer, Melissa K",
  institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
  address={Cambridge, MA},
  type = "{NBER Working Paper 28068}",
  series = "Working Paper Series",
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3386/w28068},
  year = "2020",
  abstract = {Around the world, policymakers and news reports have warned that domestic violence (DV) could increase as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the attendant restrictions on individual mobility and commercial activity. However, both anecdotal accounts and academic research have found inconsistent effects of the pandemic on DV across measures and cities. We use high-frequency, real-time data from Los Angeles on 911 calls, crime incidents, arrests, and calls to a DV hotline to study the effects of COVID-19 shutdowns on DV. We find conflicting effects within that single city and even across measures from the same source. We also find varying effects between the initial shutdown period and the one following the initial re-opening. DV calls to police and to the hotline increased during the initial shutdown, but DV crimes decreased, as did arrests for those crimes. The period following re-opening showed a continued decrease in DV crimes and arrests, as well as decreases in calls to the police and to the hotline. Our results highlight the heterogeneous effects of the pandemic across DV measures and caution against relying on a single data type or source.},
}


@article{gibbons2020, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{Confinement and intimate partner violence}}, 
author = {Gibbons, M. Amelia and Murphy, Tommy E. and Rossi, Martín A.}, 
journal = {Kyklos}, 
issn = {0023-5962}, 
doi = {10.1111/kykl.12275}, 
abstract = {{The effect of confinement on intimate partner violence is hard to assess, partly because of usual endogeneity problems, but also because the often‐used report calls poorly measure that violence. We exploit self‐reported survey data from Argentina to study the extent to which the coronavirus pandemic quarantine had unintended consequences on intimate partner violence. The quarantine decree established clear exceptions for heterogeneous subsets of the population and, for reasons plausibly exogenous to the prevalence of intimate partner violence, only some individuals were forced to spend more time with their partners. Using this variability in exposure we find that the lockdown led to an increase between 12\% and 35\% in intimate partner violence, depending type of violence (emotional, physical or sexual). Given the Argentinian government imposed the full national lockdown when few people felt threatened by the virus, these effects are likely to have been triggered by the actual confinement.}}, 
pages = {349--361}, 
number = {3}, 
volume = {74}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/gibbons2021.pdf}
}

@techreport{NBERw28523,
 title = "{COVID-19 Has Strengthened the Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Domestic Violence}",
 author = "Chalfin, Aaron and Danagoulian, Shooshan and Deza, Monica",
 institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
 address={Cambridge, MA},
 type = "NBER Working Paper 28523",
 series = "Working Paper Series",
 year = "2021",
 doi = {https://doi.org/10.3386/w28523},
 abstract = {A large body of evidence documents a link between alcohol consumption and violence involving intimate partners and close family members. Recent scholarship suggests that since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent stay-at-home orders, there has been a marked increase in domestic violence. This research considers an important mechanism behind the increase in domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: an increase in the riskiness of alcohol consumption. We combine 911 call data with newly-available high-resolution microdata on visits to bars and liquor stores in Detroit, MI and find that the strength of the relationship between visits to alcohol outlets and domestic violence more than doubles starting in March 2020. We find more limited evidence with respect to non-domestic assaults, supporting our conclusion that it is not alcohol consumption per se but alcohol consumption at home that is a principal driver of domestic violence},
}



@techreport{PerezVincentetal2020,
  title = "{COVID-19 Lockdowns and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Two Studies in Argentina}",
  author = "Perez-Vincent, S. M. and Carreras, E. and Gibbons, M. A. and Murphy, T. E. and Rossi, M. A.",
  institution = "Inter-American Development Bank",
  address={Washington, DC},
  type = "{IDB Technical Note 1956}",
  year = "2020",
}

@article{Aguero2020,
title = "{COVID-19 and the Rise of Intimate Partner Violence}",
journal = "World Development",
volume = "137",
number  = "C",
pages = "105217",
year = "2021",
issn = "0305-750X",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105217",
author = "Jorge M. Ag{\"u}ero",
keywords = "Intimate partner violence, Domestic violence, Lockdowns, Peru, COVID-19",
}

@article{Bhalotraetal2019,
  author = {Bhalotra, Sonia and Kambhampati, Uma and Rawlings, Samantha and Siddique, Zahra},
  title = "{Intimate Partner Violence: The Influence of Job Opportunities for Men and Women}",
  journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  year = {2019},
  month = {11},
  abstract = "{This study examines the association of unemployment variation with intimate partner violence using representative data from thirty-one developing countries, from 2005 to 2016. It finds that a 1 percent increase in the male unemployment rate is associated with an increase in the incidence of physical violence against women by 0.50 percentage points, or 2.75 percent. This is consistent with financial and psychological stress generated by unemployment. Female unemployment rates have the opposite effect, a 1 percent decrease being associated with an increase in the probability of victimization of 0.52 percentage points, or 2.87 percent. That an improvement in women's employment opportunities is associated with increased violence is consistent with male backlash. The study finds that this pattern of behaviors emerges entirely from countries in which women have more limited access to divorce than men.}",
  issn = {0258-6770},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhz030},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz030},
  note = {lhz030},
}

@Article {Aizer2010,
author = {Anna Aizer},
title = {{The Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence}},
journal = {American Economic Review},
volume=100,
number=4,
pages = {1847--1859},
year = {2010},
}

@TechReport{ManskiMolinari2020,
  title = {{Estimating the COVID-19 Infection Rate: Anatomy of an Inference Problem}},
  author = {Charles F. Manski and Francesca Molinari},
  type = {COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv},
  institution = {medRxiv}, 
  doi = {10.1101/2020.04.15.20066811},
  year = {2020}
}

@TechReport{Gattinietal2014,
  title = {{Comunas de Chile, seg{\'u}n nivel socio-econ{\'o}mico, de salud y desarrollo humano. Revisi\'on 2013}},
  author = {Gattini C. and Ch{\'a}vez C. y Albers D.},
  type = {Informe T\'ecnico},
  institution = {OCHISAP}, 
  year = {2014}
}

@TechReport{APAsf,
  title = {{Violence \& Socioeconomic Status}},
  author = {{American Pyschological Association}},
  type = {Online},
  institution = {\url{https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/violence}.  Accessed 6 May, 2020}, 
  year = {{Undated}}
}

@TECHREPORT{Bhalotraetal2018,
title = {Maternal Mortality and Women's Political Participation},
author = {Bhalotra, Sonia and Clarke, Damian and Gomes, Joseph and Venkataramani, Atheendar},
year = {2018},
institution = {Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
type = {IZA Discussion Papers},
number = {11590},
keywords = {quotas; gender; women's political representation; maternal mortality; suffrage},
url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11590}
}

@Article {Ribeiroetal2017,
author = {Ribeiro, MRC and Silva, AAM and Alves, MTSS and Batista, RFL and Ribeiro, CCC and Schraiber, LB},
title = {{Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Social Support on Violence against Pregnant Women: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis}},
journal = {PLosONE},
doi = {doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170469},
volume=12,
number=1,
pages = {e0170469},
year = {2017},
}


@article{RambachanRoth2019, 
	year = {2023}, 
	title = {{A More Credible Approach to Parallel Trends}}, 
	author = {Rambachan, Ashesh and Roth, Jonathan}, 
	journal = {Review of Economic Studies}, 
	issn = {0034-6527}, 
	doi = {10.1093/restud/rdad018}, 
	abstract = {{This paper proposes tools for robust inference in difference-in-differences and event-study designs where the parallel trends assumption may be violated. Instead of requiring that parallel trends holds exactly, we impose restrictions on how different the post-treatment violations of parallel trends can be from the pre-treatment differences in trends (“pre-trends”). The causal parameter of interest is partially identified under these restrictions. We introduce two approaches that guarantee uniformly valid inference under the imposed restrictions, and we derive novel results showing that they have desirable power properties in our context. We illustrate how economic knowledge can inform the restrictions on the possible violations of parallel trends in two economic applications. We also highlight how our approach can be used to conduct sensitivity analyses showing what causal conclusions can be drawn under various restrictions on the possible violations of the parallel trends assumption.}}, 
	pages = {2555--2591}, 
	number = {5}, 
	volume = {90}
}

@Article {DalgaardStrulik2015,
author = {Dalgaard, Carl-Johan and Strulik, Holger},
title = {{Physiology and Development: Why the West is Taller than the Rest}},
journal = {The Economic Journal},
doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12275},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
year = {2015},
}

@article{Hsu2021,
title = "{COVID-19, Staying at Home, and Domestic Violence}",
journal = "Review of Economics of the Household",
volume = "19",
number = "-",
pages={145–-55},
year = "2021",
issn = "1573-7152",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09526-7",
author = "Hsu, Lin-Chi and Henke, Alexander",
}

@article{Sanga, 
	year = {2021}, 
	title = {{The Impact of the Coronavirus Lockdown on Domestic Violence}}, 
	author = {McCrary, Justin and Sanga, Sarath}, 
	journal = {American Law and Economics Review}, 
	issn = {1465-7252}, 
	doi = {10.1093/aler/ahab003}, 
	pmcid = {PMC8195232}, 
	abstract = {{We use 911 call records and mobile device location data to study the impact of the coronavirus lockdown on domestic violence. The percent of people at home sharply increased at all hours, and nearly doubled during regular working hours, from 45\% to 85\%. Domestic violence increased 12\% on average and 20\% during working hours. Using neighborhood-level identifiers, we show that the rate of first-time abuse likely increased even more: 16\% on average and 23\% during working hours. Our results contribute to an urgent need to quantify the physical and psychological burdens of prolonged lockdown policies.}}, 
	pages = {137--163}, 
	number = {1}, 
	volume = {23}, 
	local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/ahab003.pdf}
}

@Article{Hotzetal1997,
  author={Hotz, V Joseph and Mullin, Charles H and Sanders, Seth G},
  title={{Bounding Causal Effects Using Data from a Contaminated Natural Experiment: Analysing the Effects of Teenage Childbearing}},
  journal={Review of Economic Studies},
  year=1997,
  volume={64},
  number={4},
  pages={575-603},
  month={October}
}

@Book{WHO2013,
  author={{World Health Organization}},
  title={INVESTING IN MENTAL HEALTH: EVIDENCE FOR ACTION},
  year=2013,
  publisher={WHO Press},
 address={Geneva, Switzerland},
  keys={Classics; Population; Development}
}

@Article{Arayaetal2012,
  author={Araya, Ricardo and Alvarado, Ruben and Sepulveda, Rodrigo and Rojas, Graciela},
  title={{Lessons from scaling up a depression treatment program in primary care in Chile}},
  journal={Pan American journal of public health},
  year=2012,
  volume={32},
  number={3},
  pages={234--240}
}

@Article{Markkulaetal2017,
  author={Markkula, Niina and Zitko, Pedro and Pena, Sebastian and Margozzini, Paula and Retamal C, Pedro},
  title={{Prevalence, trends, correlates and treatment of depression in Chile in 2003 to 2010.}},
  journal={Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology},
  year=2017,
  volume={52},
  number={4},
  pages={399--409}
}

@Article{CalderonRojas2016,
  author={Calderon, Jorge and Rojas, Graciela},
  title={{Integration of mental health into primary care: a Chilean perspective on a global challenge}},
  journal={BJPsych international},
  year=2016,
  volume={13},
  number={1},
  pages={20--21}
}

@Article{Rojasetal2007,
  author={Rojas, G and Fritsch, R and Solis, J and Jadresic, E and Castillo, C and Gonz{\'a}lez, M and Guajardo, V and Lewis, G and Peters, TJ and Araya, R},
  title={{Treatment of postnatal depression in low-income mothers in primary-care clinics in Santiago, Chile: a randomised controlled trial}},
  journal={Lancet},
  year=2007,
  volume={370},
  number={9599},
  pages={1629--1637}
}

@Article{Arayaetal2001,
  author={Araya, R and Rojas, G and Fritsch, R and Acu{\~n}a, J and Lewis, G},
  title={{Common mental disorders in Santiago, Chile: prevalence and socio-demographic correlates}},
  journal={British Journal of Psychiatry},
  year=2001,
  volume={178},
  number={2},
  pages={228--233}
}

@Article{Arayaetal2003,
  author={Araya, R and Rojas, G and Fritsch, R and Gaete, J and Rojas, M and Simon, G and Peters, TJ.},
  title={{Treating depression in primary care in low-income women in Santiago, Chile: a randomised controlled trial}},
  journal={Lancet},
  year=2003,
  volume={361},
  number={9362},
  pages={995--1000}
}

@TechReport{RuizTagleTroncoso2018,
  title = {{Labor Cost of Mental Health: Evidence from Chile}},
  author = {Jaime Ruiz-Tagle and Pablo Troncoso},
  type = {Serie de Documento de Trabajos, SDT 468},
  institution = {Department of Economics, Universidad de Chile}, 
  year = {2018}
}

@TechReport{Hedegaardetal2018,
  title = {{Issues in Developing a Surveillance Case Definition for Nonfatal Suicide Attempt and Intentional Self-harm Using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) Coded Data}},
  author = {Holly Hedegaard and Michael Schoenbaum and Cynthia Claassen and Alex Crosby and Kristin Holland and Scott Proescholdbell},
  type = {National Health Statistics Reports, Number 108},
  institution = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, 
  year = {2018}
}


@article{beland2020, 
year = {2021}, 
title = {{Determinants of Family Stress and Domestic Violence: Lessons from the COVID-19 Outbreak}}, 
author = {Béland, Louis-Philippe and Brodeur, Abel and Haddad, Joanne and Mikola, Derek}, 
journal = {Canadian Public Policy}, 
issn = {0317-0861}, 
doi = {10.3138/cpp.2020-119}, 
pmid = {36039353}, 
pmcid = {PMC9395152}, 
abstract = {{In this article, we examine Canadians’ concerns regarding the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on domestic violence and family stress. Our empirical analysis relies on a unique survey conducted online, the Canadian Perspective Survey Series, which allows us to investigate the determinants of concerns regarding family stress and domestic violence during the first COVID-19 lockdown. We find no evidence that changes in work arrangements are related to concerns regarding family stress and violence in the home. In contrast, we find that the inability to meet financial obligations and concerns about maintaining social ties are significantly related to concerns about family stress and domestic violence.}}, 
pages = {439--459}, 
number = {3}, 
volume = {47}, 
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/cpp.2020-119.pdf}
}

@article{Christianetal2019,
author = {Christian, Cornelius and Hensel, Lukas and Roth, Christopher},
title = {Income Shocks and Suicides: Causal Evidence From Indonesia},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
volume = {101},
number = {5},
pages = {905-920},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.1162/rest\_a\_00777},
}

@article{Carleton2017,
author = {Carleton, Tamma},
title = {Crop-Damaging Temperatures Increase Suicide Rates in India},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {114},
number = {33},
pages = {8746--8751},
year = {2017},
}

@article{Changetal2013,
author = {Chang, Shu-Sen and David Stuckler and Paul Yip and David Gunnell},
title = {Impact of 2008 Global Economic Crisis on Suicide: Time Trend Study in 54 Countries},
journal = {British Medical Journal},
volume = {347},
number = {7925},
pages = {f5239},
year = {2013},
}

@TechReport{Farreetal2020,
  author={Farr{\'e}, L{\'\i}dia and Fawaz, Yarine and Gonz{\'a}lez, Libertad and Graves, Jennifer},
  title={{How the COVID-19 Lockdown Affected Gender Inequality in Paid and Unpaid Work in Spain}},
  year={2020},
  institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
  address={Bonn},
  type={IZA Discussion Paper 13434},
}

@article{ADAMSPRASSL2020104245,
title = {{Inequality in the Impact of the Coronavirus Shock: Evidence from Real Time Surveys}},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
volume = {189},
number={-},
pages = {104245},
year = {2020},
issn = {0047-2727},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104245},
author = {Abi Adams-Prassl and Teodora Boneva and Marta Golin and Christopher Rauh},
keywords = {Recessions, Inequality, Labor market, Job loss, Furlough, Short-time work, Coronavirus, Covid-19, Working from home, Gender gap},
abstract = {We present real time survey evidence from the UK, US and Germany showing that the immediate labor market impacts of Covid-19 differ considerably across countries. Employees in Germany, which has a well-established short-time work scheme, are substantially less likely to be affected by the crisis. Within countries, the impacts are highly unequal and exacerbate existing inequalities. Workers in alternative work arrangements and who can only do a small share of tasks from home are more likely to have lost their jobs and suffered falls in earnings. Women and less educated workers are more affected by the crisis.},
}


@article{Cajneretal2020, 
	year = {2020}, 
	title = {{The US Labor Market during the Beginning of the Pandemic Recession}}, 
	author = {Cajner, Tomaz and Crane, Leland D and Decker, Ryan A and Grigsby, John and Hamins-Puertolas, Adrian and Hurst, Erik and Kurz, Christopher and Yildirmaz, Ahu}, 
	journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity}, 
	doi = {10.1353/eca.2020.0005}, 
	pages = {3--33}, 
	number = {2}, 
	volume = {2020}, 
	local-url = {file://localhost/Users/franciscopino/Downloads/cajner2020.pdf}
}


@article{Gelbach2016,
author = {Gelbach, Jonah B.},
title = {When Do Covariates Matter? And Which Ones, and How Much?},
journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
volume = {34},
number = {2},
pages = {509-543},
year = {2016},
}

@article{Autor2003,
author = {David H. Autor},
title = {{Outsourcing at Will: The Contribution of Unjust Dismissal Doctrine to the Growth of Employment Outsourcing}},
journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {1--42},
year = {2003},
doi={https://doi.org/10.1086/344122}
}

@techreport{GoodmanBacon2018,
  title = "{Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing}",
  author = "Goodman-Bacon, Andrew",
  institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
  address="Cambridge, MA",
  type = "NBER Working Paper 25018",
  year = "2018",    
  series = "Working Paper Series",
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3386/w25018},
}

@article{GoodmanBacon2021,
title = {{Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing}},
journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
year = {2021},
issn = {0304-4076},
volume={225},
number={2},
pages={254--77},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.03.014},
author = {Andrew Goodman-Bacon},
keywords = {Difference-in-differences, Variation in treatment timing, Two-way fixed effects, Treatment effect heterogeneity},
abstract = {The canonical difference-in-differences (DD) estimator contains two time periods, ”pre” and ”post”, and two groups, ”treatment” and ”control”. Most DD applications, however, exploit variation across groups of units that receive treatment at different times. This paper shows that the two-way fixed effects estimator equals a weighted average of all possible two-group/two-period DD estimators in the data. A causal interpretation of two-way fixed effects DD estimates requires both a parallel trends assumption and treatment effects that are constant over time. I show how to decompose the difference between two specifications, and provide a new analysis of models that include time-varying controls.}
}

@TechReport{MINSAL2012,
  title = {{Programa Nacional de Salud Integral de Adolescentes y J{\'o}venes. Plan de Acción 2012-2020}},
  author = {{Ministerio de Salud de Chile}},
  institution = {Gobierno de Chile},
  year = {2012}
}

@TechReport{DEIS2018,
  title = {{Mortalidad por Suicidio por región y grupos de edad, Chile 2000-2017}},
  author = {{DEIS, Ministerio de Salud de Chile}},
  type = {Series y Gr\'aficos de Mortalidad},
  institution = {Departamento de Estad\'isticas E Informaci\'on de Salud}, 
  year = {2018}
}

@article{Bharadwajetal2013,
Author = {Bharadwaj, Prashant and L{\o}ken, Katrine Vellesen and Neilson, Christopher},
Title = {Early Life Health Interventions and Academic Achievement},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Volume = {103},
Number = {5},
Year = {2013},
Month = {August},
Pages = {1862-91},
}

@TechReport{Deheijaetal2015,
  title = {{From Local to Global: External Validity in a Fertility Natural Experiment}},
  author = {Rajeev Deheija and Cristian Pop-Eleches and Cyrus Samii},
  type = {Mimeo},
  institution = {Available for download at http://users.nber.org/{$\sim$}rdehejia/papers/dehejia\_pop-eleches\_samii.pdf}, 
  year = {2015}
}

@Article{Willis1973,
   title = {{A New Approach to the Economic Theory of Fertility Behavior}},
   author = {Willis, Robert J.},
   journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
   volume = {81},
   number = {2},
   pages = {S14-S64},
   year = {1973}
}

@Article{DeTray1973,
  author = "Dennis N. {De Tray}",
  title = "Child Quality and the Demand for Children",
  journal = "Journal of Political Economy",
  year = 1973,
  volume = "81",
  number = "2",
  pages = "S70--95",
  month = "March"
}

@TechReport{QuintanaRodenas2014,
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